牛津詞典給出的解釋是這樣的: thick cloud of tiny drops of water close to or just above land or sea;一般指靠近或懸浮于陸地或海洋上空的濃霧,能見(jiàn)度低。由此可見(jiàn)它的主要成分是水,常常指自然現(xiàn)象中的霧,對(duì)人體是無(wú)害的。
一般用thick, dense, light等形容詞形容。
Dense fog is covering roads in the north and visibility is very poor.
濃霧籠罩了北部的公路, 能見(jiàn)度很低。
mist 薄霧
牛津詞典給出的解釋?zhuān)篶loud of minute drops of water vapour hanging just above the ground, less thick than fog but still difficult to see through;一般指薄霧、霧靄、霧氣,這里已經(jīng)很清楚地指出了,mist比f(wàn)og輕、淡,但能見(jiàn)度仍然不是很高,所以,fog = thick mist。
一般用thick, dense, light等形容詞形容。
early morning mists in autumn
秋日清晨的薄霧
haze 霾
The Free Dictionary給出的解釋?zhuān)篈tmospheric moisture, dust, smoke, and vapor that diminishes visibility,a partially opaque covering;一般是由大氣濕度、塵、煙、水汽等降低能見(jiàn)度的物體或不透明的懸浮顆粒引起的,而霾是指原因不明的大量煙、塵等微粒懸浮而形成的渾濁現(xiàn)象,核心物質(zhì)是空氣中懸浮的灰塵顆粒。因此,一定程度上來(lái)說(shuō)haze包括霾,也可以用haze來(lái)表示霧霾。此外,haze還有薄霧、迷糊的意思。
一般用thick, dense, light等形容詞形容。
a haze of cigarette smoke 香煙煙氣
smog 煙霧
牛津詞典給出的解釋是mixture of fog and smoke ,即霧和煙的混合物。朗文詞典給出的解釋是dirty air that looks like a mixture of smoke and fog, caused by smoke from cars and factories in cities,明確指出了是由汽車(chē)尾氣、工廠廢氣等煙氣引起的空氣污染,對(duì)人體是有害的;由此可見(jiàn),用smog來(lái)形容霧霾是最貼切的。
Since Tuesday, the city had been shroudedin grey smog, reducing visibilities to a few hundred metres.
周二以來(lái),這個(gè)城市就被灰色霧霾籠罩,可見(jiàn)度降到僅有幾百米。
engulf (吞噬、使陷入)
Beijing was againengulfedin heavy smog on Tuesday, sending air pollution readings soaring.
北京周二又深陷嚴(yán)重霧霾之中,空氣污染指數(shù)飆升。
blanket(籠罩)
Much of northern China has been blanketedin thick smog after Beijing issued its highest air pollution alert of the winter in the capital.
北京發(fā)布了今冬最嚴(yán)重的空氣污染預(yù)警后,華北大部分都籠罩在濃濃霧霾中。
envelop(包裹、包圍)
Residents of north-eastern China donned gas masks and locked themselves indoors on Sunday after their homes were envelopedby some of the worst levels of smog on record.
PM2.5是指“可入肺顆粒物”,現(xiàn)在多被稱(chēng)為“細(xì)顆粒物”,英文全稱(chēng)是particulate matter(微粒物、懸浮微粒);BBC給出的定義是Particulate matter, or PM, 2.5 is a type of pollution involving fine particles less than 2.5 microns (0.0025mm) in diameter,即大氣中直徑小于或等于2.5微米的顆粒物,可直接進(jìn)入人體的(肺泡),也稱(chēng)為“可入肺顆粒物”,它的直徑還不到人頭發(fā)絲粗細(xì)的1/20。PM2.5主要來(lái)自機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)尾氣塵、燃油塵、硫酸鹽、餐飲油煙塵、建筑水泥塵、煤煙塵和硝酸鹽等。
8. 碳足跡 carbon footprint
碳足跡指直接或間接支持人類(lèi)活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的溫室氣體總量(the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities),通常用產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳噸數(shù)來(lái)表示。比如,你開(kāi)車(chē)的時(shí)候,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在燃燒汽油的同時(shí)會(huì)釋放出一定量的二氧化碳,這個(gè)量由耗油量和行駛里程決定。