七宗罪的完整版
色欲 (Lust)
貪食 (Gluttony)
貪婪 (Greed)
懶惰 (Sloth)
憤怒 (Wrath)
妒忌 (Envy)
傲慢 (Pride)
《懲罰》
* 色欲: 在硫磺和火焰中熏悶
* 貪食: 強(qiáng)迫進(jìn)食老鼠,蟾蜍和蛇
* 貪婪: 在油中煎熬
* 懶惰: 丟入蛇坑
* 暴怒: 活體肢解
* 妒忌: 投入冰水之中
* 傲慢: 輪裂
Peter Binsfeld把每種罪行和惡魔聯(lián)系在一起,代表各種罪行的惡魔會(huì)引誘擁有相同罪行的人。根據(jù) Binsfeld 的分類,其配對(duì)如下:
* 路西法:傲慢
* 瑪門(Mammon):貪婪
* Asmodai:色欲
* 撒旦:暴怒
* 別西卜:貪食 (蒼蠅君主)
* Leviathan:妒忌
* Belphegor:懶惰
《歷史》
七宗罪(注:天主教正式譯名為"七罪宗",包括"驕傲、貪婪、迷色、忿怒、嫉妒、貪饕、懶惰")屬于人類惡行的分類,并由13世紀(jì)道明會(huì)神父圣多瑪斯·阿奎納列舉出各種惡行的表現(xiàn)。天主教教義中提出‘按若望格西安和教宗額我略一世的見解,分辨出教徒常遇到的重大惡行’。([1])‘重大’在這里的意思在于這些惡行屬于原罪,例如盜賊的貪婪源于欲望。
這些惡行最初是由希臘神學(xué)修道士龐義伐草撰出8種損害個(gè)人靈性的惡行,分別是貪食、色欲、貪婪、傷悲、暴怒、懶惰、自負(fù)及傲慢。龐義伐觀察到當(dāng)時(shí)的人們逐漸變得自我中心,尤以驕傲為甚。懶惰在這里是指‘精神上懶惰’。
六世紀(jì)后期,教宗額我略一世將那8種罪行減至7項(xiàng),將自負(fù)歸并入驕傲,懶惰歸并入傷悲,并加入妒忌。他的排序準(zhǔn)則在于對(duì)愛(ài)的遺背程度。其順次序?yàn)椋喊谅⒍始伞⒈┡瑐⒇澙贰⒇澥臣吧]^后期的神學(xué)家如圣多瑪斯‧阿奎納則對(duì)這個(gè)排序方式抱有不同的意見。
‘重大惡行’與不可饒恕的大罪是不可混而一談。
《罪行》
里根據(jù)惡行的嚴(yán)重性順序排列七宗罪,其次序?yàn)椋?
* 色欲-色欲泛指墮落的行為,道德的不完全,對(duì)刺激的追求,或過(guò)份希望他人的認(rèn)同或接受。不合法禮的性欲,例如通奸。同時(shí)亦指過(guò)強(qiáng)的性欲,例如獸性。強(qiáng)暴﹑通奸﹑雞奸等,都是色欲最極端的罪行。(但丁的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是‘過(guò)份愛(ài)慕對(duì)方’,而這樣便會(huì)貶低了神對(duì)人們的愛(ài))。
* 貪食-現(xiàn)代的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為“貪食”指浪費(fèi)食物,或是過(guò)度放縱食欲、酗酒或屯積過(guò)量的食物,雖然在過(guò)去,任何因輕率而剩下的,都包括在貪食的定義中。而貪食也可以包括一些破壞性的行為,尤其指運(yùn)動(dòng)上(例如贏得獎(jiǎng)杯),物質(zhì)濫用或酗酒。貪食的定義中包括了“沉迷”,所以,貪食除了指食物外,對(duì)任何事物的過(guò)份沉迷也給包括了。(但丁的觀點(diǎn)是‘過(guò)份貪圖逸樂(lè)’)。
* 貪婪-與貪食一樣,是一種希望占有比所需更多為之貪婪,尤其是指金錢上的過(guò)份追求。Thomas Aquinas認(rèn)為貪婪是“背向神的罪惡,正如所有朽壞的罪惡一樣,是人為了會(huì)腐敗的東西,放棄永恒的東西。”與貪婪有關(guān)的罪惡包括背叛﹑不忠﹑叛國(guó)﹑尤其是為了個(gè)人利益的。搜括及聚積過(guò)量財(cái)富,偷竊,打劫,尤其是以暴力或欺詐的形式,或借助權(quán)力而得到的財(cái)富。(或是以但丁的觀點(diǎn),貪婪是‘過(guò)度熱衷于尋求金錢上或權(quán)力上的優(yōu)越’)。
* 懶惰-懶惰及浪費(fèi)時(shí)間
懶惰被宣告為有罪是因?yàn)椋?
* 其他人需更努力工作以填補(bǔ)缺失
* 因應(yīng)該的事情還沒(méi)有做好,對(duì)自己是百害而無(wú)一利
* 均衡:一方比另一方付出更多(從但丁的神學(xué)觀念上去看,懶惰是‘未能全心愛(ài)上帝,未能全副精神愛(ài)上帝,未能全人之心靈愛(ài)上帝’-具體來(lái)說(shuō)包括懶惰、怯懦、缺乏想像力、滿足及無(wú)責(zé)任心。
* 暴怒-源自憎恨而起的不適當(dāng)(邪惡的)感覺(jué),復(fù)仇或否定他人,在律法所賦與的權(quán)力以外,行使懲罰他人的意欲亦被歸作憤怒。過(guò)份的警戒﹑對(duì)他人有傷害的意圖。它也包括對(duì)他人無(wú)理的憤怒,例如因種族引起的歧視。因暴怒而引起的罪都是大罪,例如殺人﹑歧視﹑大屠殺等等。(但丁描述為"把對(duì)公義的愛(ài)護(hù)歪曲為復(fù)仇和憎恨 ")。
* 妒忌-妒忌跟貪婪一樣,是一種因?yàn)椴荒軡M足的欲望而產(chǎn)生的罪惡。首先,貪婪通常跟物質(zhì)財(cái)產(chǎn)有關(guān),而妒忌則跟其他方面有關(guān),例如愛(ài)情,或他人的成功。第二,妒忌的人的欲望,通常建基于他人的失去。妒忌可以令人對(duì)他人的不幸袖手旁觀,甚至為他人的悲慘遭遇而感到快樂(lè)。因?qū)Ψ剿鶕碛械馁Y產(chǎn)比自己豐富而心懷怨怒(但丁說(shuō):“對(duì)自己資產(chǎn)的喜愛(ài)變質(zhì)成了忌恨其他更美好事物的擁有者的欲望”)。
* 傲慢-傲慢被認(rèn)為是七宗罪中最原始,最嚴(yán)重的一項(xiàng)。期望他人注視自己或過(guò)度愛(ài)好自己,(因擁有而感到比其他人優(yōu)越)(把自己定位成比上帝或他人更優(yōu)秀的存在。傲慢被認(rèn)為是所有罪中最致命的,因?yàn)槁肺鞣ň褪且驗(yàn)榘谅鴫櫬洌詈蟪蔀榱伺c神對(duì)抗的魔鬼撒旦。自負(fù)與自戀都是這種罪惡的產(chǎn)物。但丁對(duì)驕傲的解釋是“對(duì)自己的喜愛(ài)變質(zhì)成對(duì)相鄰者的憎恨和輕蔑”)。
四世紀(jì)當(dāng)時(shí)的埃及僧侶伊瓦格里厄斯•泊恩太格司(Evagrius Ponticus) 把這些罪行定為八種“致命的激情”(8 deadly passions), 而在東正教方面,這些沖動(dòng)仍然被描述為“致命的激情” 而不是深藏在他們體內(nèi)的罪孽。而主動(dòng)迎接這些“激情“或拒絕與這些“激情”對(duì)抗的人在正統(tǒng)基督徒道德神學(xué)(Orthodox Christian moral theology)方面是被定位成有罪的。
四種基本美德和神學(xué)三美德合稱為七德行。
VANITY
What it is:
Vanity is an excessive belief in one's own abilities, that interferes with the individual's recognition of the grace of God. It has been called the sin from which all others arise. Vanity is also known as Pride.
Why you do it:
Well-meaning elementary school teachers told you to "believe in yourself."
Your punishment in Hell will be:
You'll be broken on the wheel.
Associated symbols & suchlike:
Vanity is linked with the horse and the color violet.
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ENVY
What it is:
Envy is the desire for others' traits, status, abilities, or situation.
Why you do it:
Because other people are so much luckier, smarter, more attractive, and better than you.
Your punishment in Hell will be:
You'll be put in freezing water.
Associated symbols & suchlike:
Envy is linked with the dog and the color green.
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SLOTH
What it is:
Sloth is the avoidance of physical or spiritual work.
Why you do it:
You're shiftless, lazy, and good fer nuthin'.
Your punishment in Hell will be:
You'll be thrown into snake pits.
Associated symbols & suchlike:
Sloth is linked with the goat (or the goatfish),and the color light blue.
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AVARICE
What it is:
Avarice is the desire for material wealth or gain, ignoring the realm of the spiritual.
Why you do it:
You live in the most pampered, consumerist society since the Roman Empire.
Your punishment in Hell will be:
You'll be boiled alive in oil. Bear in mind that it's the finest, most luxurious boiling oil that money can buy, but it's still boiling.
Associated symbols & suchlike:
Avarice is linked with the frog and the color yellow.
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GLUTTONY
What it is:
Gluttony is an inordinate desire to consume more than that which one requires.
Why you do it:
Because you were weaned improperly as an infant.
Your punishment in Hell will be:
You'll be force-fed rats, toads, and snakes.
Associated symbols & suchlike:
Gluttony is linked with the pig and the color orange.
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LUST
What it is:
Lust is an inordinate craving for the pleasures of the body.
Why you do it:
Oh, please.
Your punishment in Hell will be:
You'll be smothered in fire and brimstone. Not kisses.
Associated symbols & suchlike:
Lust is linked with the cow and the color blue.
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WRATH
What it is:
Wrath is manifested in the individual who spurns love and opts instead for fury. It is also known as Anger.
Why you do it:
You're wired for it. Also, the people around you are pretty damn irritating.
Your punishment in Hell will be:
You'll be dismembered alive.
Associated symbols & suchlike:
Wrath is linked with the bear and the color red.
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